Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper Essay

Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper - Essay Example It seems that the main character of the movie, Hando, has absorbed all the exaggerated negative characteristics of manhood at once. Hando attracts most attention with the help of â€Å"mixture of menace and animal magnetism† (Holden, 1993). His masculinity is overwhelming, charismatic, and absolutely distorted. Moreover, all the characters of â€Å"Romper Stomper† look like saturated versions of themselves: emotionally unstable girl with serious mental disorders, her perverted father living in luxury, obedient skinhead that stays with his grandmother when he decides to quit his criminal life. This combination of exaggerated negative masculine and feminine traits creates certain dissonance of perception: characters are portrayed as either men or women while their general human qualities are neglected. Thus, the problematic gender identity of the characters prevents them from being humans as it imposes too many obligations and requirements. It is impossible to deny that images created by media texts have a serious impact on society. Whether watching TV, looking through magazines or not people still shape their understanding of how a real man or a real woman should look like from media. In this regard, the image of masculinity and femininity can also be attributed to media construction (Gautlett, 2008). Moreover, according to the queer theory formulated by Foucault in the 1990s sex and gender are rather socially constructed than inherited or predetermined biologically (Queer Theory, 2010). That is why the creation of masculine or feminine identity is determined by a number of factors such as social pressures, traditions, conforming, linguistic and symbolic codes and so on.  

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay The kite runner is a novel about change. Change is defined as passing from one phase to another. In this novel, it is shown that change is inevitable and no matter how hard you try to suppress the past it will always re-surface. Khaled Hossieni portrays change through settings, relationships and the character of Amir. The techniques used to depict these changes are the three-part structure, emotive language and descriptive language. Change in the setting is powerful as it shows the significant impact on the life of the narrator. The change of settings in the kite runner gives historical perspective and introduces the culture of Afghanistan, where ethnicity, religion and class play a major role in the conflicts of the story. The novel begins with the time and place of ‘December 2001’ in San Francisco. Evidence is shown in the quote â€Å"I went for a walk along Spreckels Lake on the northern edge of gold gate park. It then immediately dates back to an â€Å"overcast day in the winter of 1975† to an event that occurred in an alley when he was twelve years old. This event is important in the novel as it foreshadows a major aspect that has been affecting Amir for the last 26 years. This is shown in the quote â€Å"I became the man I am today at the age of twelve† and the quote â€Å" I knew it wasn’t just Rahim khan on the line. It was my past of un-atoned sins†. The use of unatoned sins provides us that the book will reveal what amir had done in his past life that was so sinful. The three-part structure shows change as a circle of life and how life has many rises and falls. This is shown through the use of dates and jumping of years. Change in relationships in the novel is powerful as it establishes the themes of the novel. Amir and Baba’s relationship introduces an aspect in the novel of how delicate their connection to each other is and how easily it can transition to a negative relation. Amir grows up used to getting what he wants except for the only thing he is deprived and he wants so desperately is baba’s affection. Amir takes the burden of blaming himself as to why Baba doesn’t give him affection because he killed his mother during childbirth. While Baba doesn’t give him affection because he wishes amir was more like him. The quote â€Å"I’ve never laid a hand on you, amir but if you ever say that again†¦.. You bring me shame† is very powerful as it displays how sensitive amir and baba’s relationship is that just by amir asking a question it has ruined their connection to each other. The use of emotive language shows the change of amir and baba’s relationship when you compare it to the end of the book when Baba realizes that Amir is finally happy. Evidence is shown in the quote â€Å"I could see his internal smile, as wide as the skies of Kabul on nights when the poplars shivered and the sound of crickets swelled in the gardens†. The Change in character in the novel is powerful as it displays how issues in the novel conflict to how a person’s life can be changed for better or for worse. In the beginning of the novel, amir is reminiscing back on how he had become such a troubled adult and how he had been scared to stand up for others. Throughout the book we see that amir is basically a good boy, doesn’t get into trouble and is also a good man when he grows up to become an adult, he takes care of his father, has a job and also takes care of his loving wife. But he does make a lot of mistakes in his quest to receive his father’s love and affection. This is discovered in a quote from chapter 7 â€Å"maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba†. The relationship between Baba and Amir effect Amir’s life to the extent that he is willing to sacrifice his relationship with Hassan and Ali by placing his birthday money and a watch that was given to him by his father under Hassan’s mattress to frame Hassan of stealing it just so he could be with Baba. But to his surprise, Baba doesn’t get rid of Ali and Hassan but forgives Hassan for stealing. The birthday money and the watch is significant in the novel as it reappears later in the story when Amir goes back to Afghanistan and stays at poor families house and gives the children of the poor family his watch and leaves some money under his mattress the next morning. The reoccurrence of the watch and money is important in Amir’s change of character, as it has showed us that he has become selfless by putting the money under the mattress but for the right reasons. The use of descriptive language shows the change of Amir’s character when compared to how evolves from being selfish to selfless. This can be identified in the quote â€Å"I remember Wahid’s boys†¦ I realized something: I would not leave Afghanistan without finding Sohrab†. In conclusion the change in setting is shown through the significant impact of the life of the narrator as he tries to run away from his past by moving to America but was ineffective as it resurfaced and he had to redeem himself by going back to Afghanistan to suppress his unwanted memory of Amir being ‘asseffed’. The change in relationship of Amir and Baba is shown through the significant use of emotive language throughout the novel. It introduces an aspect in the novel of how their relationship is poor, as they couldn’t get along with each other. The change in character of Amir in the novel is displayed through the use of descriptive language. It gives the audience a characteristic view of how Amir changes from being a coward to being courageous and saving Sohrab from Assef at the end of the book.

Al Gore: Presidential Candidate :: essays research papers

Al Gore: Presidential Candidate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candidate I chose to do my paper on was Al Gore. Al Gore is the current Vice President of the United States. He is for the Democratic party and is now running for President for this 2000 election. I chose to do my paper on Vice President Al Gore because I believe that he will be the next president to be in office. With his support on certain issues and policies and also his experience, I know that Al Gore will be able to handle the presidency. I will discuss Al Gore’s brief history and background, his qualifications, and where he stands on certain issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First lets look at Al Gore’s brief history. Al Gore was born on March 31, 1948 in Washington, DC. He is the son of former U.S. Senator Albert Gore, Sr. and Pauline LaFon Gore. Raised in Carthage, Tennessee, and in Washington, D.C. His mother, Pauline (La Fon) Gore, graduated from Vanderbilt Law School. She was one of the very first women to graduate from that school. Both of Al Gore’s parents played a major role in the structuring of public personality and his political beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Al Gore’s father, Albert Gore Sr. was born on a farm in Jackson County, Tennessee, and worked as a schoolteacher before entering public service—first as Smith County Superintendent of Schools, then as Tennessee's Secretary of Labor. Albert Gore, Sr. was both a member of the House of Representatives and a Senator also. After years later in congress, he left the senate in 1970 and later on worked as being a lawyer and businessman. Al Gore’s father seemed to be the driving force of his career, his dad was his role model. Albert Gore Sr. has just recently passed away in 1998 at the age of 91. His son gave him a well commemorated funeral, and told the story of his life. He died a good man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pauline LaFon Gore, the mother of Al Gore, grew up in Weakley County, and then later on Jackson, Tennessee. During the Great Depression she worked her way as a waitress, while attending college. She later on went to Vanderbilt Law School, working to be a lawyer. Later on as her husband was entering the political field, she helped him on his campaigns. After her husband left the Senate, she returned to being a lawyer and was a mentor for young women considering legal careers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are other inspirations in Al Gore’s life other than his parents. Al Gore is married to Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson, also known as â€Å"Tipper.

Informal Writing Essay

I’ve always enjoyed writing. Since childhood I am fond of reading and writing based on the things I love to read. When I heard a child saying something about the solar system, I started writing imaginary things about outer space. It was a matter of jotting down what interests me at that moment. I also love writing about my daily experiences and keeping a diary made writing more enjoyable for me and made it a big part of my life. In school, students were also encouraged to write creatively and analytically. During literature class I love composing stories about different topics but I started despising writing essays that meant to answer specific questions. I don’t really like technical and objective writing. What I enjoy best is creative and subjective writing because I really want to pour out my own opinion and let my mind soar for new ideas. It is a way of escaping reality and sometimes even reflecting about it. Writing is a very important means of communication. Even though we are at an advanced technological age, writing is still an effective way of letting another person know what you feel and what you intend to say. For example, many people find it easier and enjoyable to communicate with others through the internet and email. The digital way of writing still needs the person’s proper writing knowledge or skills in order to properly send out his message to another person. In my own experience, writing emails, blogs and other messages are enjoyable and at the same time provide an easier means of communicating with other people especially those from far places. I also enjoy writing poems and short stories when I have free time. In this course, I am hoping that I learn more about writing as an every day activity and probably gain more experiences about writing. I think that I need to improve more on the technical part of writing. I am sure that I can get into this course more because of its subjective nature which I think is one of my strengths in writing.

My Childhood Memories

â€Å"It’s hard to keep a secret when it’s written all over your body. † Julia Hobans. This quote is a part of my life. If someone where to look at my body they would find I have more than my fair share of scares, and on top of that I have lived in the most incomprehensibly breathtaking places in the United States; I’ve also lived in the most distastefully horrid places in the country. But the people and one place that has changed me the most on the inside and as well as the outside in Spring Valley CA.Imagine living in a one bedroom, one bathroom tiny cookie cutter an apartment, in the middle of the Spring Valley projects. You always hear the ear splitting sound of a gun being shot, and the obnoxious screaming of a cop siren going down the street. Then every night when you go to bed something is stabbing you in the back and you don’t dare move because if do then you would lose your spot. That was my life for a good five and a half years until I tur ned 14 then my whole life changed.When I choose to move out and to live in my friend Kevin in his house still in Spring Valley. Now Kevin was a few years older than I was, but he was like my brother. Kevin introduced me to Devon, one of his younger friends. He was about my age; about 5. 6’ 5. 7’ with eyes the color of dark brown leather and skin that had a small tan. While I hung out with them more and more I started to get into horrible things like marijuana, meth, and all other different kinds of drugs.I started to like the feelings that I was getting every time I did any of the drugs made me feel like I didn’t have a care in the world or that I could do anything I wanted to that nothing could stop me. With all this Devon introduced me to new people and places. That had exotic parties and drugs to mach. But as time went on I started to get tired of doing the same thing and I start having to pay more and more to get that much sought out for high. But I couldnâ €™t leave, I didn’t know why then but I know now it was, because I was scared of leaving the one guy who ever really noticed me and showed what I thought was love.

Implementing Strategic Change

Implementing Strategic Change Introduction Strategic change entails the changes that take place in an organization for instance in regard to the vision, mission and objectives as well as the strategy that is designed as a means of achieving the expected result. It is a process that is affected by the internal factors of the organization as well as external factors that relate to the organization’s environment.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Implementing Strategic Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management of a strategic change is usually a difficult and sensitive task since there is no specific formula that is designated to work out for all cases that entail strategic change and hence the process should be handled carefully to ensure its success. This piece of work will discuss the process of implementing and managing strategic change the case study being the UK Fire and Rescue Services which is a firm that currently faces a situation in which it has to change is strategies as opposed to strictly following what has been stipulated by the Fire and Rescue Services Act (Joyce and Woods 2001). Identification and appraisal of existing best practice and implementation of strategic change management Before taking any step in implementing some strategic changes in an organization, it is advisable to first identify the strategies and practices that are in place in the organization and how they can be improved or changed to cover the expected conditions or bring about the expected results. The UK Fire and Rescue Services is involved with a variety of functions like fighting fires, pumping out floodwater, attending chemicals pills and assisting in road, air and rail accidents among others. However there are some other services that it is expected to provide to the public for instance the health and safety of the staff, a duty of care to the public and operational effectiveness and other anticipated happenings that are not necessarily stipulated in the UK Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004. The current practices of the organization are good but need some appraisal in order to cater for the other needs as mentioned above through establishment out of strategies that will facilitate this (Freeman 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various methods or styles through which strategic change can be managed. The change in an organization’s strategy should however be tailored to the state of the change itself and the expected results. Some of the styles include, empirical rational strategy, the normative re of existing strategic change management Starbucks Coffee Company is can example of an organization where strategic change management has been experienced. It was initially very popular for its provision of coffee but the coffee essence almost got lost due to th e use of its brand name for other purposes for instance promotion of movies. A need for strategic changed aimed at restoring its fame (going back to its focus on coffee) is therefore an issue for instance provision of a new coffee blend to reinforce the brand. The problem comes in since there are many changes to be done for example reshuffle of staff and improvement of the company’s website which may delay the process of strategic change (Linn 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Strategic change is critical in any organization and all organizations are currently going through some changes. The changes could arise due to some factors for instance cultural change, empowerment and total quality and business engineering within the organization among other issues. Some changes could also be driven by the urge for organizations to be at per with the other organizations especially in regard to the competitiveness in the various fields of the world. Strategic changes should always be embraced in organizations as long as they are deemed to improve their situations for instance if it enhances profit. Proper planning, monitoring and communication is however essential. Reference List Freeman, E.R. 2010. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Green, E.M n.d. Managing Strategic Change- Beat the Odds with the Three R’s  Web. Jacobs, W. R. 1997. Real-Time Strategic Change. New York, Berrett-Koehler Publisher s. Joyce, P. and Woods, A. 2001. Strategic Management: A Fresh Approach To Developing Skills, Knowledge And Creativity. London, Kogan Page Publishers. Lee, G. 2010. Styles of Managing Strategic Change. Web. Linn, A. 2008. Starbucks pledges change – and lots of it. Web.

buy custom New Computer System essay

buy custom New Computer System essay This proposal is about getting the managements approval to install a new computer system. The current computer system is used for database management system that keeps track of the changing information in the company. It contains information about clients, employees, suppliers, and business transactions. The system is also used to manage mathematical calculations on large numerical data. The database enables the staff make strategic decisions, which utilize artificial intelligence. The current system in use is not able to meet the workload demands. The system had been coping well in the past. However, the company has witnessed a growth directly proportional to the workload. Before, the margin error was minimal but it has increased with the workload. It is becoming a challenge to meet the needs of our workforce and that of the clients. In addition, the system is incompatible to the new modern programs hence slowing down the entire working process. We have repaired the system several times, which have cost a lot to the department. The computer is very old; getting spare parts is proving to be a daunting task. Peripheral equipment from new manufacturers cannot operate when matched with our old brand. Modern systems have come up which are faster and able to accommodate the increased workload. They also reduce the time spent on a piece of work. It is in realization of the increased workload in the information system department that the staff has decided to make this request. Thorough searching of the market has revealed that the total cost of upgrading the current system is more than 50% of the cost of getting a new system. Furthermore, there are new technologies of redeeming all the data from the old system without losing any vital information. The present system can also be disposed off at a fee to e-waste companies hence there will no worry on where to take the old system. Buy custom New Computer System essay

Gram Definition and Examples in Science

Gram Definition and Examples in Science A gram is a unit of mass in the metric system defined as one thousandth (1 x 10-3) of a kilogram. Originally, the gram was defined as a unit equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water at 4 °C (the temperature at which water has maximum density). The definition was changed when the base units for the International System of Units (SI) were redefined by the 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures. The change went into effect May 20, 2019. The symbol for the gram is the lowercase letter g. Incorrect symbols include gr (the symbol for grains), Gm (the symbol for the gigameter), and gm (easily confused with the symbol for the gram-meter, gâ‹…m). Gram may also be spelled gramme. Key Takeaways: Gram Definition The gram is a unit of mass.One gram is one thousandth the mass of one kilogram. The previous definition of the gram was the absolute weight of a 1-centimeter cube of pure water at 4  °C.The symbol for the gram is g.The gram is a small unit of mass. It is approximately the mass of one small paper clip. Examples of Gram Weight Because a gram is a small unit of weight, its size may be difficult for many people to visualize. Here are common examples of objects that have about one gram of mass: A small paperclipA thumbtackA piece of chewing gumOne US billA pen capOne cubic centimeter (milliliter) of waterA quarter teaspoon of sugar Useful Gram Conversion Factors Grams may be converted into several other units of measurement. Some common conversion factors include: 1 gram (1 g) 5 carats (5 ct)1 gram (1 g) 10-3 kilograms (10-3 kg)1 gram (1 g) 15.43236 grains (gr)1 troy ounce (ozt) 31.1035 g1 gram 8.98755179Ãâ€"1013 joules (J)500 grams 1 Jin (Chinese unit of measurement)1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) 28.3495 grams (g) Uses of the Gram The gram is widely used in science, particular chemistry and physics. Outside of the United States, the gram is used to measure non-liquid cooking ingredients and produce (e.g., flour, sugar, bananas). Relative composition for food nutrition labels is stated per 100 grams of product, even within the United States. History of the Gram In 1795, the French National Convention replaced the gravet with the gramme in the metric system. While the term changed, the definition remained that of the weight of one cubic centimeter of water. The word gramme came from the Latin word gramma which in turn derived from the Greek word grmma. The grmma was a unit used in Late Antiquity (around the 4th century AD) equal to two oboli (Greek coins) or one twenty-fourth part of an ounce. The gram was a fundamental unit of mass in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system in the 19th century. The meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system of units was proposed in 1901, but the CGS and MKS systems co-exists throughout the early to mid 20th century. The MKS system became the system of base units in 1960. However, the gram was still defined based on the mass of water. In 2019, the gram was defined based on the kilogram. The kilogram has a mass almost exactly equal to that of one liter of water, but its definition has been refined, too. In 2018, Plancks constant was defined. This allowed definition of the kilogram in terms of the second and the meter. Plancks constant h  is defined to be  6.62607015Ãâ€"10−34  and equal to one kilogram meter squared per second (kgâ‹…m2â‹…s−1). Even so, standard masses for the kilogram still exist and are used as secondary standards for kilogram and gram weights. For all practical purposes, a liter of pure water has a mas s of one kilogram and a milliliter of pure water has the mass of one gram. Sources Materese, Robin (November 16, 2018). Historic Vote Ties Kilogram and Other Units to Natural Constants. NIST.  National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027.

MGT499 MOD 4 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT499 MOD 4 SLP - Essay Example This strategic plan include the induction of most innovative products backed by solid research of its research facilities, maintaining diversity of portfolio, cost effective and low cost medicine and achieving efficiency and effectiveness through its human and material resources. (Novartis, 2011). The Cost Leadership component of Porter’s competitive strategies is the most important but difficult objective to be achieved especially, in pharmaceutical industry where quality compromise is not an option at all. The only way out to achieve competitively lower prices of products is through savings on procurements, cost effective production and advantageous use of supply chain. To ensure cost leadership the company has improved its internal processes to save production cost in order to provide relief to the consumer. ICIS, trusted market intelligence for the global chemical and energy industries states the cost effective procedures of the Novartis in these words, â€Å"Operational efficiency initiatives have made progress to improve speed, flexibility and productivity while freeing up resources. On this basis, it has launched a companywide project â€Å"Forward† to provide annual cost savings of approximately $1.6bn in 2009 and 2010.† (ICIS, n.d.). The differentiation is mainly achieved through wide range research and diversified portfolio. Research and diversification complements each other to ensure differentiation. The company wide research facilities have contributed a long way into achieves uniqueness in its products. Afinitor, a potential breakthrough for advanced kidney cancer, the vaccine Menveo for protection against four meningococcal meningitis serogroups and Extavia (interferon beta-1b) for patients with certain forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are few examples of thoroughly researched innovative products of Novartis to ensure a level of differentiation with its competitors. (ICIS, n.d.). The diversification of portfolio is an way

State of personal indebtedness in Canada. You may focus on student Research Paper

State of personal indebtedness in Canada. You may focus on student debt or the society as a whole - Research Paper Example Recent figures suggest that the current level of personal debt in Canada is on the highest level for the past 8 years. The average non-mortgage personal loan of a Canadian is approximately $26,221 in the second quarter of 2012 suggesting that the overall debt levels are on the rise. (Johnson, 2012) There can be various reasons for this including the general trends and preferences of the consumers as well as the ability of Canadian banks to remain profitable and continue to supply consumer debt despite the fact that overall global scenario may not be encouraging. These trends are considered as troublesome as persistently high levels of personal debts can actually create serious consequences for the economy as a whole. This paper will discuss about the personal debt in Canadian society as a whole and will discuss the concerns as well as solutions for it. Personal Debt in Canada The recent trends of personal debt in Canadian society as a whole have been alarmingly high. The current aver age debt level in the second quarter of 2012 stood at $26,221 higher by $192 from the previous quarter. This figure is also considered as the highest during the last eight years since Credit Bureau actually started to track the personal debt levels. (Johnson, 2012) Studies have shown that debt to income ratio is on the rise as well as the debt-to total assets is on the rise too. These trends indicate that more and more portion of consumers’ income is taken by the debt and higher debt payments can actually reduce the disposable income for the individuals. Average annual growth rate of household debt in Canada grew by 7.4% in nominal terms and 5.3% in real terms during 2000-2011. Such consistent level of increase in household debt has actually put personal debt at the level which may not be sustainable for consumers in the long run. It is also important to note that this rise in the consumer debt is mostly in the non-mortgage debt class and is also secured against the household items. Such characteristics of the personal debt may therefore create significantly more economic consequences for the households. (Crawford & Faruqui, 2012) It has been suggested that such high level of personal debts can actually put Canadians at more vulnerability towards the economic shocks as any adverse change in employment dynamics can put lot of stress on the disposal income of the consumers. Sharp decline in home values as well as increase in interest rates as well as relatively higher level of unemployment can put individuals at more risk considering the current levels of debt in the country. (Chawla & Uppal, 2012) IMF has also shown its reservations over the higher levels of personal debt in Canadian economy and indicated that higher levels of personal debt can actually reduce the economic growth of the country. IMF has even cut its economic forecasts for Canada owing to higher personal as well as mortgage loans and suggested that higher debt levels at consumer level can actually create more risk for the economy as a whole. (BABAD, 2012) Some data indicates that this trend is on the rise across all ages and there are different factors which are actually at play causing the consistent rise in the personal debt levels. It has also been suggested that the persistent increase in the level of income as well as low interest rates have also contributed towards these trends. Some theoretical

Intercultural Experience Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Experience Assignment - Essay Example There are many different subcultures among the Latino population. I decided to try food from restaurant owned and managed by people from the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is an island located in the Caribbean region. The entire populations of Puerto Rico are actually U.S. citizens due to the fact that Puerto Rico is a territory of the Unites States. Officially the island’s government has a commonwealth political status with the United States. When I entered the restaurant I was greeting by a very nice woman who gave a greeting in Spanish. She was in Spanish â€Å"Bienvenidos a nuestro restaurant† which means welcome to our restaurant. I was given the menu within five minutes of my entrance. When the waitress gave me the menu she also brought some vegetables, bread, and water. I told the waitress that I was very hungry, but I did not know what to order due to the fact that I had never eaten puertorican food before. I explained to her that I was visiting their establ ishment as part of a class project in which I had to evaluate the food that I ate from an international location. She told me that I was very lucky because I had picked the right place to enjoy an exotic meal. The meal that I ended up ordering is called in Spanish â€Å"Mofongo con carne frita y caldo† which can translate to fried plantain with fried pork meat and fish or chicken stew. The meal was amazing. The fried plantain was the best part of the meal. It tasted absolutely delicious. Since the plantain it’s a bit hard it has to be dripped with the stew to make it softer to eat. The fried pork meat is a tremendous compliment to the plantain. The food was great and the price was right on the money. The meal only costs me $9.95 plus taxes and tip and it included the drink. I gave the waitress a $5 tip which represents a 50% tip for her services. Now that I had visited and eaten a unique cuisine meal from the Puertorican culture it was time for me to learn more about P uerto Rico. To achieve this task I decided to interview and old friend of mine who was born in Puerto Rico. In the following three paragraphs I am going to describe the different things I learned about the Puertorican culture based on my interview. Puerto Rico is a small island in the Caribbean Sea whose dimensions are 100 miles in length by 35 miles in width. The island with a population of 4 million inhabitants is considered one of the most populated regions in the world per square miles. The United States won a war with the Spaniard in 1898 which gave them control of Puerto Rico. Ever since 1917 the people of Puerto Rico have been US citizens. Puertorican have sacrificed a lot over the years with thousands of military solders being recruited from Puerto Rico. The official language of Puerto Rico is Spanish, but English is taught since elementary school to all the children. The educational system provides school for 12 years with the bilingual teaching of English. Most young adult s after finishing high school go to college. The college participation among the youth in Puerto Rico is higher than in the United States. A college education in Puerto Rico is much cheaper than in the United States. Puerto Rico imports that majority of its consumer products from the United States. The US marine is used to import merchandise into the United States. The Unites States and Puerto Rico shared a common military. The official currency of Puerto Rico is the US dollar. The island is poor in comparison with the United States with an income per capital of approximately $17,000 which

Customer Aquisation Versus Retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Aquisation Versus Retention - Essay Example Other statistics reason that a business’ 80% sales are just gotten from about 20%, which spells out the critical need for the business to maintain health relations with these loyal customers. It is easier for the retained relations to communicate over a business’ brands than new customers. They therefore play a critical role of tracking the progress of the business in terms of quality standards of commodities as well as the services. Moreover, findings from a report by Reichheld indicate that retained customers eventually buy a lot from this business and as a result, the business records higher profits. The operating costs in serving retained consumers tend to be lower than the costs for serving new consumers. Retained customers are also better placed to refer and bring other customers on board than is the case in new customers. Businesses therefore analyze the profitability of retaining all the customers but the cost effectiveness analysis dictates that a business shou ld strive to maintain the only segment of customers that prove more profitable than the rest (2001, p. 1). Nevertheless, globalization trends are seen to adversely affect the efforts of retaining customers as the internet has opened a whole view world of advertising and promotion. Via just a click of a mouse, it is possible to lose a retained customer. Therefore, the efforts of retaining a customer get more expensive and complicated. On the other hand, the supporters of the customer accusation reason that there is no more growth.... g one customer through promotional services and sales as to being ranging from six to ten times higher than the costs that the business would incur in retaining a customer. Other statistics reason that a business’ 80% sales are just gotten from about 20%, which spells out the critical need for the business to maintain health relations with these loyal customers. It is easier for the retained relations to communicate over a business’ brands than new customers. They therefore play a critical role of tracking the progress of the business in terms of quality standards of commodities as well as the services. Moreover, findings from a report by Reichheld indicate that retained customers eventually buy a lot from this business and as a result, the business records higher profits. The operating costs in serving retained consumers tend to be lower than the costs for serving new consumers. Retained customers are also better placed to refer and bring other customers on board than is the case in new customers. Businesses therefore analyze the profitability of retaining all the customers but the cost effectiveness analysis dictates that a business should strive to maintain the only segment of customers that prove more profitable than the rest (2001, p. 1). Nevertheless, globalization trends are seen to adversely affect the efforts of retaining customers as the internet has opened a whole view world of advertising and promotion. Via just a click of a mouse, it is possible to lose a retained customer. Therefore, the efforts of retaining a customer get more expensive and complicated. On the other hand, the supporters of the customer accusation reason that there is no more growth that can result from an already retained pool of customers than has already been met. This therefore

The Different Strategy Hierarchies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Different Strategy Hierarchies - Essay Example One of the organizations known to practice hierarchy management strategy is the Al-Qaida rebel groups. Â  Organizations deploy different strategies as a way of enhancing their competitiveness in the industry. It is not a surprise that many organizations are still committed to hierarchy management strategy where key strategic decisions are conceived at the head-quarter by the top management organs while the execution of the tasks is delegated to lower levels. According to Williamson (1975; pp.67), social organization is not achievable in without hierarchy in the social set-up. He argued that hierarchy is fundamental in reducing the transaction costs. Since firms operate on a cost-minimization principle, the hierarchy is key to cost efficiency. Grint (2010; pp.43) asserts that for symbolic reasons, the hierarchy is critical since it is founded on the connotation orders of the Holy Sovereignty. Child (2009; pp.502) reasoned that organizational hierarchy is an integrating principle that enhances collective goal orientation and strategy for distributing privileges through the creation of social differentiation in power, status, and reward. Â  This hierarchy mode deviates from the traditional hierarchy that rooted for coercive and authoritative leadership and management styles characterized by top decision makers. Although it retains a few features of Tayloristic flavor, it is more enabling and also revises a number of clauses in Taylorism such as obedient execution by the employees. Porous-hierarchy, therefore, deviates from the traditional and dominant version that is founded on hierarchical power and bureaucracies.

Bipolar disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bipolar disorder - Research Paper Example We can therefore know of our safety from mental disorders through gaining knowledge of symptoms of the disorders and establishing their absence. This, however, can be done better through specialists’ advice (Cleveland, 2009). Personal perception and understanding of mental disorder My personal opinion on mental disorders has changed to identify positivity in challenged individuals. Previously, I held the perception that the disorders cannot be managed for the victims’ positive lives. I have however learnt that the disorders are common among people but are managed to insignificant levels that allow the individuals to lead normal lives. I also now understand that mental disorder victims require psychological care support for proper management of their conditions (Helpguide, n.d.). Understanding mental disorders Understanding mental disorders should adopt a systematic professional approach that establishes root causes of the disorders. This is because of the level of compl exity and diversity of the disorders with different causes, either psychological or biological. Such an understanding develops a basis for managing the mental disorders (Nairne, 2008). Impacts of culture on diagnosis of mental disorders Culture has direct impacts on diagnosis of mental disorders through defining abnormal behavior. ... Its susceptibility level is uniform across gender as men and women shows almost same prevalence rates. Women are however slightly more vulnerable to the disorder. Bipolar disorder majorly develops during a person’s early ages, normally teenage, and predominantly consists of â€Å"depressive and maniac episodes† that alternates or simultaneously manifest (Brown, n.d., po. 1). It is estimated to affect at least ten million individuals in America, impairing the victims’ attitudes, physical potential, and ability to work. Even though it is chronic, its symptoms are periodic and are manageable through medications (Duckworth, 2006). Diagnosis Diagnosis of bipolar disorder is efficiently done through trained healthcare personnel or a specialized expert such as psychologist. It may be achieved through â€Å"physical examination, an interview, or lab tests† (Nimh, 2012, p. 1). Physical examination for example identifies a person’s abnormal energy and physica l activity levels while interviews identifies significant changes in attitudes and behavior. Diagnosis can also be done through a psychiatric evaluation (Nimh, 2012). Treatment There is currently no identified treatment for bipolar disorder. A number of treatment for managing patients’ symptoms are however available to prevent hospitalization and advancement of the disorder to more serious stages. Application of â€Å"mood stabilizing medications,† â€Å"atypical antipsychotic medications,† and â€Å"antidepressant medications† has for example been adopted with each category consisting of a variety of drugs (Nimh, 2012, p. 1; Brown, n.d). Evidence based practice that identify treatment models also integrates with medicinal approaches to facilitate management of the disorder. The approaches’ diversity

The Different Strategy Hierarchies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Different Strategy Hierarchies - Essay Example One of the organizations known to practice hierarchy management strategy is the Al-Qaida rebel groups. Â  Organizations deploy different strategies as a way of enhancing their competitiveness in the industry. It is not a surprise that many organizations are still committed to hierarchy management strategy where key strategic decisions are conceived at the head-quarter by the top management organs while the execution of the tasks is delegated to lower levels. According to Williamson (1975; pp.67), social organization is not achievable in without hierarchy in the social set-up. He argued that hierarchy is fundamental in reducing the transaction costs. Since firms operate on a cost-minimization principle, the hierarchy is key to cost efficiency. Grint (2010; pp.43) asserts that for symbolic reasons, the hierarchy is critical since it is founded on the connotation orders of the Holy Sovereignty. Child (2009; pp.502) reasoned that organizational hierarchy is an integrating principle that enhances collective goal orientation and strategy for distributing privileges through the creation of social differentiation in power, status, and reward. Â  This hierarchy mode deviates from the traditional hierarchy that rooted for coercive and authoritative leadership and management styles characterized by top decision makers. Although it retains a few features of Tayloristic flavor, it is more enabling and also revises a number of clauses in Taylorism such as obedient execution by the employees. Porous-hierarchy, therefore, deviates from the traditional and dominant version that is founded on hierarchical power and bureaucracies.

History-Modern American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History-Modern American Culture - Essay Example Thus, the progressivism arose as the main political ideology of America in the first half of the twentieth century. The underlying concept of progressivism was that the government could be used to improve the society. The reforms took place in all spheres from education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, and so on. Under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt, political and business leaders, and journalists like Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens, the country began to clean its systems up; cities began to appear cleaner and healthier, workplaces became safer and workers received more consideration from their employers and many of these changes were the result of ‘enlightened self-interest’1. Some notable achievements of progressivism were the antitrust laws, state and national income taxes, strict regulations on businesses, laws regarding minimum wages, the decision to have direct election of senators, and the Federal Reserve System. Some other developments that had a significant role in shaping American society were the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the establishments of juvenile courts. In addition, the Nineteenth Amendment allowed women’s suffrage. ... It enabled militarism, conscription, and allowed the federal government to intervene heavily in all regional affairs in the name of war and gave the central government total control over economy and the whole nation. Another important thing was the coming of females to the social front as envisaged by Progressivism. The National Defense established an Advisory Committee on Women’s Defense Work, thus enabling females to have a better position in the society, though indirectly, through food control and voluntary work in support of the war effort. Yet another point according to Rothbard is that the war has made it necessary for economy to cooperate with the government later allowing the government to have more control over the economic monopolies2. Though the Great Depression and World War II battered American economy, it again flourished considerably. As a result of the new social changes, wealth was more equitably distributed and the government had more control over investment, development and research. The GI bill enabled many to have education, many owned their own homes, and as a result of the growth, unemployment went down and wages rose considerably. Thus, one can say, the liberal consensus of America reached its peak. Probably as a result of the many wars it fought, the National Security Act recognized the federal government and a National Security Council was set up to advice the president. as Bigsby points out, the wars and the potential threat from Soviet Union helped the government to proceed with its aggressive military plans of alliances, treaties and military bases in many countries throughout the world3. A marked change in the position of Blacks in America did not take place until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Thus,

Kants Ethics of Dignity and Free

Kants Ethics of Dignity and Freedom Essay Immanuel Kants moral philosophy contends that morality is grounded from deductive reasoning.   In his Groundwork for   Metaphysics of Morals, Kant introduced the main premise of his moral Philosophy, the Categorical Imperative (Singer, 1993).   The Rationale of Kantian ethics is to construct ethical principles in accordance with rational procedures which includes duty (Singer, 1993).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant grounds his moral philosophy on the question â€Å"what I ought to do?†, he then attempts to determine the fundamental principles that humans should adopt.   Kant fully furnishes his ethical claims in a subjective approach regarding what is good for man. Criticism of Previous Ethical Thories In his Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant primarily makes a connection between rationalism and empiricism.   Conversely, Kant counters David Humes empiricism, stating that although all knowledge begin with experience, it does not necessarily mean that it all comes from experience.   In his realization of Humes dubious conclusions, Kant dwelled on the postulation that all ideas are representations of sensory experience (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   To counter Hume, Kant attempted to find another means to derive cause and effect without dependence from empirical knowledge (Guyer and Wood, 1998). Kant grounds his perspective of freedom as autonomy, and morality from the beliefs of renowned French enlightenment philosopher, Jean Jacque Rousseau.   Rousseau believes that freedom is not simply being unbound from any law, but by the laws that are, in a sense,   made by the individual.   Hence, Kant primarily conforms to the idea that freedom bypasses the negative notion of being free from influences that are governed by elements outside the self (Johnson, 2004). Kant, although influenced by rationalist Rene Descartes, counters the latters perspective on the existence of God based on reason, that due to restrictions brought about by reason, no one can really know if there really is a God.   Kant solidifies his claims by stating that justifiable knowledge must be grounded from a reality encountered solely by human experience (Singer, 1993).   In his explanation, Kant asserts that all the preparations for reason in what may be deemed as pure philosophy, are directly adressed to three problems; God, soul and freedom (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   Kant neither denies nor accepts the existence of God, he, however, argues against the rationalist perspective of God and sees the Christian scriptures as a worldly narrative which can be agreed upon as a representation of morality (Singer, 1993). Autonomy and Heteronomy Autonomy and its principles are important in Kants moral philosophy, this is due to the fact that the basis of the actions are based on internal motives.   In this context, the one who acts (the Agent) does it in an autonomous manner since the agent is the only key holder to the basis of the action.   Heteronomy, for Kant is an element in the basis of a moral act that are driven by external factors (Singer, 1993).   A person then who acts under the influence of outside forces is not acting freely, therefore, that person is acting heteronomously. Categorical Imperative Kant grounds the foundations of the princple of his moral philosophy from the denial of principles that are non-universalizable.   Kant formulates this concept as a demand which he calls the categorical imperative (Singer, 1993).   Kants formulation of the categorical imperative claims that Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law   (Singer, 1993).   This sentiment is the core of Kants ethics and is the basis for the maxims or fundamental principles an individual may advocate.    Kants categorical imperative may also be viewed as an end in itself, described as a means that only serves the fulfillment of the interest itself and not to any other purpose.   Immanuel Kant holds that the principles of reason governs the moral law and that irrelevant factors such as what would make people happy, is the basis of morality and the moral law (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   Kant defining Rational beings as people who are capable of moral deliberation who can choose to act by fundamental principles that have universality.   It is in this framework that Kant formulated the Kingdom of Ends and furthered his Categorical Imperative, implying the term kingdom as a group of rational beings bound by common laws. Kant argues that inclination to the categorical imperative bequeaths an individual with autonomous ethical choice.   The basis for such argument is on Kants assertion of the bond between moral law and autonomy.   In his presupposition, Kant suggests that practical will is bound by the categorical imperative through the simple fact of reason, and uses such thought to postulate that our wills are autonomous (Johnson, 2004). The essence of Kants moral philosophy is quite ironic due to the primary intentions that are never achieved. The first point of criticism is that Kant, like many other scholars are in pursuit of a universal truth, given the textual fact that Kants ideas are based on his own assumptions, it is unimaginable that Kant is unable to provide concrete defense of autonomy of the will in accordance to the categorical imperative. Reflection In reference to his categorical imperative, Kant provokes individuals to act according to such principles that ends to the universal law (Singer, 1993).   This categorical imperative, and his moral beliefs for that matter, are based on subjective thinking, another irony on the true aims of his moral philosophy.   In this regard, I think it is safe to connote that Kants undertaking of how an individual should think only provides signs of the conventional human flaw, the fear of elements and concepts that the human brain cannot fully comprehend. Personally, I think Kants suggestion regarding compliance to the categorical imperative provides freedom in ethical decision making is incomprehensible, since one of his underlying concepts is rationality and morality (Singer, 1993).   I feel that Kants moral philosophy may result to individuals to be narrow-minded since they only consider the reasons in doing actions and overlook the possible outcomes that may have destructive tendencies.   I myself cannot see how to live in a world of subjectivity and apathy.   If Kant wrote his ethical theories to burst out personal opinion, he should have been a journalist, rather than a scholar who cannot live up to the principles of his own philosophy. References Johnson, R. (2004). Kants Moral Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 12 February 2008 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/#Aut Singer, P. (Ed.) (1993). Blackwell companions to philosophy: A companion to ethics. Malden,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MA: Blackwell Publishing. Kant, I., Guyer, P. Wood, A. (Eds.). (1998). Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridgeshire:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge UP.

No Title :: Olivia Essays

No Title The lines selected for analysis are from act V, scene I, lines 115-129, when Orsino is talking to the love of his life, Olivia, about dueling with the love of her life, his servant Cesario (who is actually lady Viola in disguise, and who is secretly in love with Orsino!). From these lines I find Orsino to be a bitter, jaded, jealous man whose mindset is revenge against the woman who has played with his heart, bruised his feelings, and never returned his undying love, and the man who stole his woman away from him (though she never really was his). In these lines the reader can hear a change in Orsino’s voice—and in his mind. He feels betrayed by the one who was supposed to be loyal, and is now using a take-no-prisoners ideal to this duel. He feels Cesario will get what’s coming to him—how dare he let the woman his master is in love with fall in love with him?—though Cesario had vehemently denied Olivia’s advances. Orsino is blinded by thi s unnecessary and displaced anger towards Cesario, and firing terrible threats and promises to the woman he loves about the man she loves. He can’t see that Olivia is as unhappy as he is, because the one she loves doesn’t love her back. He sees her only as a tease who strings men along for years with no intention of being in a relationship with them. He doesn’t realize that his vicious actions will push her further away, rather than bring her into his heart—which is what Orsino is ultimately striving for. Ten points for psychological depth: 1. â€Å"†¦savage jealousy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : these are biting words—â€Å"savage† shows that it is more than just immature, childish jealousy. It’s real, hard, nasty jealousy that could escalate to more than brooding and sulking in one’s room about it. This shows Orsino to be extremely emotional—when the one he loves is infatuated with someone else, and someone so close to him he doesn’t take it lightly. 2. â€Å"†¦savors nobly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : there is some sick pleasure in enjoying what he is about to do. He can enjoy injuring or killing Olivia’s love, but he’ll make sure to do it with some grace. I think Orsino would see it as some kind of release—the ultimate punishment for the man who was supposed to be his servant and obey him forever.

Sun Tzus The Art of War Essay -- Sun Tzu Art War Essays

Sun Tzu's The Art of War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The translation of the â€Å"Sun Tzu: The Art of War† ancient Chinese text has been given by many different writers. Samuel B. Griffith, Brigadier General, retired, U.S. Marine Corps; is a proven strategist that studied the English commandoes war fighting skills as a Captain. As a Major, Griffith was hand picked to serve as Executive Officer under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Merritt Edson of the 1st Raider Battalion, one of the battalions that perfected the amphibious landings during World War II. Samuel B. Griffith gives his in-depth study on â€Å"Sun Tzu: The Art of War† and how Mao Tse-tung used the strategies and teachings of Sun Tzu while commanding the Red Army of China. Griffith’s translation of Sun Tzu’s work is written in three parts: Introduction, Translation, and Appendix. PART 1: INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his first chapter of his study titled The Author, Griffith gives many different possibilities as to who the actual author of the writings is. Griffith sites many theories from other sources trying to validate the origin of the author, but settles on one basic theory for the text. The Art of War was written by a single author probably around the time of the Warring States and during the periods from 400-320 B.C. (p. 11) Furthermore, Griffith states that there is not enough evidence to positively say if a person named Sun Tzu actually wrote the book or if it was written as a tribute to him, and the case of the authorship remains unsettled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second chapter, The Text, of Griffith’s study focuses on the text itself. There has been debate about how many chapters were originally in â€Å"The Art of War†: Eighty-Two or Thirteen. (p. 13) Griffith gives a sound theory that the current thirteen chapters were the only writings. Based on copywriting errors, the eighty-two chapters were probably written into thirteen categories (or chapters) while trying to transcribe written work onto paper from silk or wood. Griffith also asserts that the text was used for entry-level war fighting studies in early Chinese military academies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Warring States is the subject and title of Griffith’s third chapter, which gives an enlightening look at the life and times in China after the defeat of the rule of Chin at Ching Yang in 453. (p. 20) The country was divided into eight individual warring sects (with the exception of Yen... ...g for you. An expendable agent is given false information on purpose. And a living agent is one that returns to the commander with information. PART III: Appendix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Griffith’s study also includes four different appendixes. The first is A Note from Wu Ch’I, the second is titled Sun Tzu’s Influence on Japanese Military Thought, the third is Sun Tzu in Western Languages, and the fourth appendix is Brief Biographies of the Commentators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel B. Griffith’s translation of â€Å"Sun Tzu: The Art of War† is an inside look at military practices of today. I did not find one technique that is not or would not be utilized in modern military maneuver, leadership, or training. The most astounding fact is that the Art of War was written well over two thousand years ago, even at the most conservative date. Although most of the techniques in this text are already in practice today, the value of â€Å"The Art of War† is a never-ending treasure chest of knowledge, and it deserves a place as a required reading for anyone seeking knowledge about war fighting or the history of war. Works Cited Sun Tzu: The Art of War, Ed. By Samuel B. Griffith (New York:Oxford University Press, 1963)

What Can We Do to Stop Abuse Animals.

Recently animal abuse is increasing around the world. People are treating animal as non – feeling creatures. They use them for food, clothing, entertainment, and so on. These are some of the biggest crimes humans are doing against speechless creatures. There are many ways to prevent animal abuse but the most importantly everybody should treat animals with respect. First of all, we have to make authorities aware of the fact that animals are being ill-treated by people when you witness them. Laws will make these people realize their mistake. For example, there was a Singaporean who broke his dog’s legs, just because his dog has eaten his food. One of his neighbors who saw this reported to police. After that this man had to pay $500 for his action. Other examples in Vietnam people hunt elephant for stuck or cows for food. Secondly, recently on some websites appear more videos of animal abuse on the part of young people. This has proven they do not respect and love animals. We should teach them how to treat animals. Especially with a children, you have to teach children how to treat animal with kindness and respect and considers them as friend. Thirdly, always comply with the laws about animals in your local area. And tell everyone to do it. For example, The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in Singapore always takes care of animals, which are neglect and abuse. In conclusion, people should learn more about animal. They are like humans and they need love and care. We have to respect animal.

Money and Banking

Chapter5 4. Explain why you would be more or less willing to buy long-term AT&T bonds under the following circumstances: a. Trading in these bonds increases, making them easier to sell. More, because if it is easier to sell bond this means that liquidity of bonds increase. b. You expect a bear market in stocks(stock prices are expected to decline) More because these bonds’s expected return will increase compared to stocks. . Brokerage commission on stocks fall Less because the decrease in brokerage commissions on stocks makes them more liquid. d. You expect interest rates to rise Less because when interest rates increase the expected return decreases. e. Brokerage commission on bonds fall. More because the decrease in brokerage commissions on bonds makes bond more liquid. 7. Using both the liquidity preference framework and the supply and demand for bonds framework, show shy interest rates are procyclical If the economy is growing there is a business cycle expansion witch will result to a increase in supply of bonds this means that the supply curve will shift to the right if this happens there will be a new equilibrium point and if everything is constant the new equilibrium point will be lower witch means that price of a bond will decrease and the interest rate will increase. If the economy grows the first effect we can see Is that the income will increase. When income increases the demand for money will increase shifting the demand curve to the right if every thing else is constant this will mean that the equilibrium point will change thus moving up and showing an increase in interest rate. 9. Find the â€Å"Credit Markets† column in the Wall Street Journal. Underline the statement in the column that explain bond price movements, and draw the appropriate supply and demand diagrams that support these statement. The column describes how the price of treasury bonds rose when the stock market faltered. The higher relative expected returns on bonds would then cause the quantity demanded to rise each price, shifting the demand curve to the right. The outcome is a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in interest rates. Massive amount of supply of bonds is set to enter the market over the next month. The increase in supply would shift the supply curve to the right, causing the equilibrium price to fall.

An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay

Analytical Psychology is the school of depth psychology based on the discoveries and concepts of Carl Gustav Jung. Jung gave the broadest and most comprehensive view of the human psyche yet available. His writings include a fully-developed theory of the structure and dynamics of the psyche in both its conscious and unconscious aspects, a detailed theory of personality types and, most important, a full description of the universal, primordial images deriving from the deepest layers of the unconscious psyche. These primordial images are called archetypes of the collective unconscious. The latter discovery has enabled Jung to describe striking parallels between the unconscious images produced by individuals in dream and vision and the universal motifs found in the religions and mythologies of all ages. The concept of the collective unconscious gives analytical psychology an added dimension in comparison with other schools of psychotherapy. It takes the theory and practice of psychotherapy out of the exclusive realm of psychopathology and relates it to the whole history of the evolution of the human psyche in all its cultural manifestations. See more: outline format for essay The practice of analytical psychology thus becomes not only a therapy for neurosis but also a technique for psychological development applicable to normal and superior individuals. An abstract, theoretical presentation is alien to Jung who always strove to engage the response of the whole man, not just the intellect. This presentation should thus be recognized as no more than a two-dimensional sketch of a three-dimensional reality. Libido: The psychic energy that directs and motivates the personality is called libido. Interest, attention and drive are all expressions of libido. The libido invested in a given item is indicated by how highly it is valued. Libido can be transformed or displaced but not destroyed. If the libido attached to one object disappears, it reappears elsewhere. Libido is the dynamism of the life process manifested in the psychic sphere. The theory of libido is closely connected with the law of opposites. The processes of the psyche depend on a tension and interplay between opposite poles. If one side of a pair of opposites becomes excessively predominant in the personality, it is likely to turn into its contrary. This is called enantiodromia. A one-sided conscious attitude constellates its opposite in the unconscious. See Jung’s essay â€Å"On Psychic Energy† (1). Psychological Types: Analytical psychology distinguishes several psychological types. These refer to innate differences in temperament which cause individuals to perceive and react to life in different fashions. There are two attitude types, the extravert and the introvert. The extravert is characterized by an innate tendency for the libido to flow outwards, connecting the individual with the external world. The extravert naturally and spontaneously gives greatest interest and value to the object – people, things, external accomplishments, etc. He or she will be most comfortable and successful when functioning in the external world and human relationships, and will be restless and ill at ease when alone without diversion. Having little relation to the inner world of subjectivity, the extravert will shun it and tend to depreciate subjective concerns as morbid or selfish. The introvert is characterized by a tendency for the libido to flow inwards connecting him or her with the subjective, inner world of thought, fantasies and feelings. Greatest interest and value is given to the subject – the inner reactions and images. The introvert will function most satisfactorily when free from pressure to adapt to external circumstances. He or she prefers their own company and is reserved or uncomfortable in large groups. Both introvert and extravert have the defects of their strengths and each tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert appears self-centered and withholding of himself. To the introvert, the extravert appears shallow, opportunistic and hypocritical. Every individual possesses both tendencies, but one is usually more developed than the other. As a pair of opposites they follow the law of opposites. Thus, an excessive, one-sided emphasis on one attitude is likely to lead to the emergence of its opposite. The opposite, however, because it is undeveloped and undifferentiated, will appear in a negative, crude and unadapted form. Thus the extreme extravert will become a victim of negative inferior introversion in the form of depressions. The extreme introvert is likely to have episodes of compulsive extraversion which are crude, ineffectual and unadapted to outer reality. In addition to attitude types, we also distinguish four function types. The four basic psychological functions are thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Thinking is the rational capacity to structure and synthesize discrete data by means of conceptual generalizations. Feeling is the function which determines value. It is the function that values and promotes human relationships. Sensation is that function which perceives and adapts to external reality via the senses. Intuition is defined as perception via the unconscious, that is, the perception of representations or conclusions whose origin is obscure. These four functions arrange themselves into two pairs of opposites: thinking – feeling and sensation – intuition. Although every individual has all four functions potentially at their disposal, in actuality one function is usually more fully developed than the others. This is called the superior function. The one least developed is the one that is most primitive and unconscious – the inferior function. Often a second function will have achieved considerable development which approaches that of the superior function. This is an auxiliary function. Since any one of the four functions may be superior, we have the possibility of four function types: the thinking type, feeling type, sensation type, and intuitive type. The thinking type is found more often in men than in women. The thinking type’s mental life is concerned largely with the creation of intellectual formulae and the fitting of all life experience into these forms. To the degree that the individual is identified with the thinking function and unconscious of the other functions, the thinking will tend to be autocratic and limit the full experience of life. Since feeling will be the inferior function, its values will suffer the most neglect. Human relationships will be quickly sacrificed if they interfere with the ruling formula. The feeling type is found more often in women than in men. The development and sustenance of personal relationships is the major aim. A sensitivity to human needs and a willingness to meet them is its outstanding characteristic. It finds its greatest satisfaction in rapport with others. In its extreme, this function type can be objectionable in its excessive emphasis on personal matters. Since thinking is the inferior function, its capacity for abstract, impersonal judgments will be neglected or denied. Thinking will be accepted only so long as it plays a subservient role to the interests of feeling values. The sensation type is characterized by the excellent adaptation to simple, matter-of-fact reality. He or she is content to relate to life on its most elementary terms without subtlety, reflection or imagination. The sensation type appears stable and earthy but may lack creative spark. Vision and imagination, which could mitigate this earthbound state, are products of intuition, which is the inferior function of this type. The sensation type, in fact, will often depreciate intuitive expressions as unrealistic fantasies and thus be deprived of badly needed leaven at times of mental heaviness. The intuitive type is motivated chiefly be a steady stream of new visions and possibilities, derived from active intuition. The new, the strange and the different are a constant lure. He or she often perceives obscure connections between things which seem separate and unrelated. The intuitive mind works in quick jumps, which is sometimes difficult for others to follow. When asked to proceed more slowly, he or she is apt to become impatient, perhaps considering listeners slow in making connections. This type’s weakness lies in its inferior sensation function. The relationship to reality may be poor. The hard work required to bring a possibility into actuality or to make an intuitive flash generally accepted seems too onerous. He or she may remain misunderstood with insights, which if they are to bear fruit, must be patiently developed by others. The function types are seldom as definite as would appear by these descriptions. Usually the development of an auxiliary function will soften and modify the sharp characteristics here described. In addition, we have a further complication. According to the attitude type, each of the function types may have either an introverted or an extraverted orientation. Ideally, all four functions should be available to the individual in order to have a complete response to life experience. It is one of the goals of Jungian psychotherapy to bring in to consciousness and to aid the development of the inferior undeveloped functions in order to approach psychic wholeness. Many conflicts in human relationships and disputes can be understood through the theory of psychological types. For instance, Jung has explained the difference between the psychological theories of Freud and Adler on this basis. Freud’s theory is concerned chiefly with the individual’s need for and love of the object. Thus it is an extraverted theory. Adler’s theory is based on the individual’s need to maintain his own self-esteem, prestige and power. Adler emphasizes the inner, subjective need; hence his is an introverted theory. Differences in type can underlie difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Marital conflicts are often related to differences in psychological type. Knowledge of one’s own type and of the fact that other equally valid types exist can often help to relativize one’s own personal reactions and can lead to more conscious and fruitful human relationships. (2) Structure of the Psyche: The psyche can be divided into conscious and unconscious aspects. The ego is the center of conscious and the starting point for all empirical psychology. It is the seat of individual identity, and all contents which are conscious, must be connected with it. The unconscious includes all psychic elements which are outside conscious awareness and therefore are not connected with the ego. Contents of the unconscious are first encountered as complexes. A complex is an emotionally charged unconscious psychic entity made up of a number of associated ideas and images clustered around a central core. On investigation, this core is found to be an archetypal image (see below). One recognizes that a complex has been struck by the emergence of an affect which upsets psychic balance and disturbs the customary function of the ego. The ego stands between the inner world and the outer world, and its task is to adapt to both. By its extraverted orientation, it relates itself to external reality. By introversion, it perceives and adapts to inner, subjective reality. The requirement for external adaptation leads to the construction of a psychic structure which mediates between the ego and the external world of society. This mediating structure is called the persona, the Latin word for the ancient actor’s mask. It is the partially calculated public face an individual assumes towards others. The persona is composed of various elements, some based on the individual’s personal propensities and others derived from the society’s expectations and the early training of parents and teachers. The persona is a mediating compromise between individuality and the expectations of others. It is the role one plays in society. It is also a protective covering that shields from public view what is personal, intimate and vulnerable. The characteristic symbol for the persona is the clothes we wear. Dreams involving missing or inappropriate clothes refer to a persona problem. Ideally a persona should be appropriate, well fitting and flexible. It is especially important that the individual realize that he is not identical with his persona. The persona sometimes lends one a prestige and authority belonging to the collective group which is not properly used for personal ends. To identify with the persona can cause inflation and alienation from reality. Other persona disorders include a lack of persona which leaves the individual sensitive and exposed to every social touch, and a too rigid, defensive persona which is a barrier to realistic adaptation. For further discussion of the persona, see (3). Just as the persona stands between the ego and the outer world, so another psychic entity stands between the ego and the inner world of unconscious. This entity is called the shadow. The shadow is a composite of personal characteristics and potentialities of which the individual is unaware. Usually the shadow, as indicated by the word, contains inferior characteristics and weaknesses which the ego’s self-esteem will not permit it to recognize. The shadow may be personified in dreams by such figures as criminals, drunkards and derelicts. Technically it must be of the same sex as the dreamer. As with all unconscious contents, the shadow is first experienced in projection. This means that an unconscious quality of one’s own is first recognized and reacted to when it is discovered in an outer object. So long as the shadow is projected, the individual can hate and condemn freely the weakness and evil seen in others while maintaining a sense of righteousness. Discovery of the shadow as a personal content may, if it is sudden, cause temporary confusion and depression. This will be most likely if the ego’s previous attitude has bee especially inflated. The shadow is the first layer of the unconscious to be encountered in psychological analysis. It is not always a negative content. In many cases unconscious positive potentialities of the personality reside in the shadow. In such cases we speak of a positive shadow. Furthermore, the evil and dangerous aspect of the shadow is often due more to its circumstances than to its essence. Just as animals which have become vicious by starvation and brutal treatment can be changed into loyal companions by loving care, so the shadow loses much of its negative aspect when given conscious acceptance and attention. The problem of the shadow and its projection applies to collective psychology as well. The persecution of the Jews by the Nazis is a terrifying example of the extent to which a collective shadow projection can go. The same psychological mechanism operates in discrimination against other minority groups. For more on the shadow, see (4). The first layer of the unconscious, the shadow, is also called by Jung the personal unconscious, as distinguished from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious or shadow contains personal contents belonging to the individual himself which can and properly should be made conscious and integrated into the conscious personality and ego. The collective unconscious, on the other hand, is composed of transpersonal, universal contents which cannot be assimilated by the ego. Between these two layers of the unconscious, the personal and the collective, is another entity with, so to speak, one foot on each side. This is the anima in a man and the animus in a woman. The anima is an autonomous psychic content in the male personality which can be described as an inner woman. She is the psychic representation of the contrasexual elements in man and is depicted in symbolic imagery by figures of women ranging from harlot and seductress to divine wisdom and spiritual guide. She is the personification of the feminine principle in man, the principle of Eros, pertaining to love and relatedness. The projection of the anima is responsible for the phenomenon of a man’s â€Å"falling in love. † Too much identification of the ego with the anima causes the man to outwardly manifest feminine qualities. Anima moods or states of anima possession can be recognized by their characteristic features of resentment and emotional withdrawal. Such a condition renders a man psychically paralyzed and impotent. It is most likely to occur in relation to a woman with whom he is emotionally and sexually involved. With full psychological development, the anima leads the man to the full meaning of human relationship and provides him an entrance to the deeper layers of the psyche, the collective unconscious. The animus is the corresponding representative of the masculine contrasexual elements in the psychology of women. It can be expressed in symbolic imagery by a multitude of male figures from frightening, aggressive men threatening rape to divining bringers of light. It is the personification of the masculine principle in women, the principle of Logos, which is the capacity for rationality and consciousness. A woman’s â€Å"falling in love† is likewise due to the projection of the animus. Subjective identification of the ego with the animus causes the woman to lose contact with her feminine nature and to take on more masculine qualities. The animus-possessed woman is more interested in power than in relatedness. As with the man’s anima, the animus is most often activated in relation to an emotionally significant man, especially a man with whom she is sexually involved. Indeed, the anima and animus have a marked affinity for each other. The slightest evidence of one is likely to evoke the other in the partner. With maturity and maximum development, the animus can become a valuable psychic entity enabling the woman to function with objective rationality and, similarly to the anima in a man, opens to her the collective unconscious. Further discussion of anima and animus is in (5) and (6). The collective unconscious, more recently termed objective psyche, is the deepest layer of the unconscious which is ordinarily inaccessible to conscious awareness. Its nature is universal, suprapersonal and non-individual. Its manifestations are experienced as something alien to the ego, numinous or divine. The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes and their particular symbolic manifestations, archetypal images. The concept of the archetype has a close relation to the concept of instinct. An instinct is a pattern of behavior which is inborn and characteristic for a certain species. Instincts are discovered by observing the behavior patterns of individual organisms. The instincts are the unknown motivating dynamisms that determine an animal’s behavior on the biological level. An archetype is to the psyche what an instinct is to the body. The existence of archetypes is inferred by the same process as that by which we infer the existence of instincts. Just as instincts common to a species are postulated by observing the uniformities in biological behavior, so archetypes are inferred by observing the uniformities in psychic phenomena. Just as instincts are unknown motivating dynamisms of biological behavior, archetypes are unknown motivating dynamisms of the psyche. Archetypes are the psychic instincts of the human species. Although biological instincts and psychic archetypes have a very close connection, exactly what this connection is we do not know any more than we understand just how the mind and body are connected. Archetypes are perceived and experienced subjectively through certain universal, typical, recurring mythological motifs and images. These archetypal images, symbolically elaborated in various ways, are the basic contents of religions, mythologies, legends and fairy tales of all ages. Such images also emerge from the collective unconscious of individuals through dreams and visions in cases of deep psychological analysis, profound subjective experience or major mental disorder. The experience of encountering an archetypal image has a strong emotional impact which conveys a sense of divine or suprapersonal power transcending the individual ego. Such an experience often transforms the individual and radically alters their outlook on life. Archetypal images are so various and numerous that they defy comprehensive listing. For our purposes, we shall describe four broad categories of archetypal imagery. I. The Archetype of the Great Mother, the personification of the feminine principle, represents the fertile womb out of which all life comes and the darkness of the grave to which it returns. Its fundamental attributes are the capacity to nourish and to devour. It corresponds to mother nature in the primordial swamp – life being constantly spawned and constantly devoured. If the great mother nourishes us, she is good; if she threatens to devour us, she is bad. In psychological terms, the great mother corresponds to the unconscious which can nourish and support the ego or can swallow it up in psychosis or suicide. The positive, creative aspects of the great mother are represented by breast and womb. The negative, destructive aspects appear as the devouring mouth or the vagina dentata. In more abstract symbolism, anything hollow, concave or containing pertains to the great mother. Thus, bodies of water, the earth itself, caves, dwellings, vessels of all kinds are feminine. So also is the box, the coffin and the belly of the monster which swallows up its victims. See Neumann(7). II. The Archetype of the Spiritual Father. As the great mother pertains to nature, matter and earth, the great father archetype pertains to the ream of light and spirit. It is the personification of the masculine principle of consciousness symbolized by the upper solar region of heaven. From this region comes the wind, pneuma, nous, ruach, which has always been the symbol of spirit as opposed to matter. Sun and rain likewise represent the masculine principle as fertilizing forces which impregnate the receptive earth. Images of piercing and penetration such as phallus, knife, spear, arrow and ray all pertain to the spiritual father. Feathers, birds, airplanes and all that refers to flying or height are part of this complex of symbols which emphasizes the upper heavenly realms. In addition, all imagery involving light or illumination pertain to the masculine principle as opposed to the dark earthiness of the great mother. Illumination of the countenance, crowns, halos and dazzling brilliance of all kinds are aspects of masculine solar symbolism. The image of the wise old man as judge, priest, doctor or elder is a human personification of this same archetype. The positive aspect of the spiritual father principle conveys law, order, discipline, rationality, understanding and inspiration. Its negative aspect is that it may lead to alienation from concrete reality causing inflation, a state of spiritual hubris or presumption that generates grandiose thoughts of transcendence and results in the fate of Icarus or Phaeton. III. The Archetype of Transformation pertains to a psychic process of growth, change and transition. It can express itself in many different images with the same underlying core of meaning. Perilous journeys to unknown destinations, exploration of dark places, purposeful descent to the underworld or under the sea or into the belly of a monster to find a hidden treasure are expressions of this archetype. The theme of death and rebirth as well as the symbolism of initiation rites in all of their various forms; the crossing of rivers or waters or chasms and the climbing of mountains; the theme of redemption, salvation or recovery of what has been lost or degraded, wherever it appears in mythological or unconscious symbolism – all of these are expressions of the archetype of transformation. The theme of the birth of the hero or wonder-child also belongs to this archetype. This image expresses the emergence of a new, dynamic content in the personality presaging decisive change and enlargement of consciousness. (8) A rich and complex example of this archetype is provided by the symbolism of medieval alchemy. In alchemy, the psychic transformation process was projected into matter. The goal of the alchemists was to transmute base matter into gold or some other supremely valuable object. The imagery of alchemy derives from the collective unconscious and belongs properly to the psychological process of transformation. (9) IV. The Central Archetype, The Self, expresses psychic wholeness or totality. The Self is defined by Jung as both the center and circumference of the psyche. It incorporates within its paradoxical unity all the opposites embodied in the masculine and feminine archetypes. Since it is a borderline concept referring to an entity which transcends and encompasses the individual ego, we can only allude to it and not encompass it by a definition. As the central archetype is emerging, it often appears as a process of centering or as a process involving the union of opposites. Alchemical symbolism gives us numerous examples of the central archetype as a union of opposites. For example, the philosopher’s stone, one of the goals of the alchemical process, was depicted as resulting from the marriage of the red king and the white queen, or from the union of the sun and moon, or fire and water. The product of such a union is a paradoxical image often described as hermaphroditic. Other images which are used to express the union of opposites are the reconciliation of opposing partisan factions and  the reconciliation of good and evil, God and Satan. The emerging central archetype gives rise to images of the mandala. The term mandala is used to describe the representations of the Self, the archetype of totality. The typical mandala in its simplest form is a quadrated circle combining the elements of a circle with a center plus a square, a cross or some other expression of fourfoldness. Mandalas are found everywhere in all times and places. They seem to represent a basic unifying and integrating principle which lies at the very root of the psyche. Mandalas can be found in the cultural products of all races. A fully developed mandala usually emerges in an individual’s dreams only after a long process of psychological development. It is then experienced as a release from an otherwise irreconcilable conflict and may convey a numinous awareness of life as something ultimately harmonious and meaningful in spite of its apparent contradictions. (10,11) Psychological Development is the progressive emergence and differentiation of the ego or consciousness from the original state of unconsciousness. It is a process which, ideally, continues throughout the lifetime of the individual. In contradistinction to physical development, there is no time at which one can say that full psychic development has been achieved. Although we may distinguish various stages of development for descriptive purposes, actually one stage merges into another in a single fluid continuum. In the early phase, the ego has very little autonomy. It is largely in a state of identification with the objective psyche within and the external world without. It lives in the world of archetypes and makes no clear distinction between inner and outer objects. This primitive state of ego development is called, after L? vy-Bruhl, participation mystique, and is shared by both the primitive and the child. It is a state of magical participation and interpretation between the ego and its surroundings. What is ego and what is non-ego are not distinguished. Inner world and outer world are experienced as a single totality. This primitive state of participation mystique is also evident in the phenomena of mob psychology in  which individual consciousness and responsibility are temporarily eclipsed by identification with a collective dynamism. Jung made no effort to present a systematic theory of psychological development. However, some of his followers, especially Neumann(12), have attempted to fill in this gap. Following Neumann, the stages of psychological development can be described as follows. The first or original state is called the uroboric stage, derived from uroborus, the circular image of the tail-eating serpent. It refers to the original totality and self-containment which is prior to the birth of consciousness. The ego exists only as a latent potentiality in a state of primary identity with the Self or objective psyche. This state is presumed to pertain during the prenatal period and early infancy. The transition between this state and the second stage of development corresponds to the creation of the world for the individual psyche. Thus world creation myths refer to this first decisive event in psychic development – the birth of the ego out of the unconscious. The basic theme of all creation myths is separation. Out of undifferentiated wholeness one element is discriminated from another. It may be expressed as the creation of light – the separation of light from darkness, or as the separation of the world parents – the distinction between masculine and feminine, or the emergence of order out of chaos. In each case the meaning is the same, namely, the birth of consciousness, the capacity to discriminate between opposites. The second stage of psychological development is called the matriarchal phase. Although beginning consciousness has appeared, it is as yet only dim and fitful. The nascent ego is still largely passive and dependent on its uroboric matrix which now takes on the aspect of the great mother. Masculine and feminine elements are not yet clearly differentiated so that the great mother will still be undifferentiated as to sex. To this stage belongs the image of the phallic mother incorporating both masculine and feminine components. Here, the ruling psychic entity is the great mother. The predominant concern will be to seek her nourishment and support and to avoid her destructive, devouring aspect. The father archetype or masculine principle has not yet emerged into separate existence. Mother is still all. The ego has achieved only a precarious separation and is still dependent on the unconscious, which is personified as the great mother. The matriarchal phase is represented mythologically by the imagery of the ancient Near Eastern mother religions, for example, the Cybele-Attis myth. Attis, the son-lover of Cybele, was unfaithful to her. In a frenzy of regret, reflecting his dependent bondage, he was castrated and killed. The matriarchal phase corresponds to the Oedipal phase as described by Freud. However, analytical psychologists interpret incest symbolically rather than literally as was done by Freud. The matriarchal phase is the phase of original incest, symbolically speaking, prior to the emergence of the incest taboo. In the life of the individual, this phase corresponds roughly with the early years of childhood. The third stage is called the patriarchal phase. The transition is characterized by particular themes, images and actions. In an attempt to break free from the matriarchal phase, the feminine with all its attributes is rejected and depreciated. The theme of initiation rituals pertains to this period of transition. The father archetype or masculine principle emerges in full force and claims the allegiance of the individual. Tests, challenges, rules and discipline are set up in opposition to the sympathy and comfortable containment of the great mother. The incest taboo is erected prohibiting regression to the mother-bound state. Once the transition to the patriarchal stage has been accomplished, the archetype of the great father, the masculine spirit principle, determines the values and goals of life. Consciousness, individual responsibility, self-discipline and rationality will be the prevailing values. Everything pertaining to the feminine principle will be repressed, depreciated or subordinated to masculine ends. In childhood development, the patriarchal phase will be particularly evident in the years preceding puberty. The fourth phase is designated the integrative phase. The preceding patriarchal stage has left the individual one-sided and incomplete. The feminine principle, woman and therefore the anima and the unconscious have been repressed and neglected. Another change or transition is thus needed to redeem these neglected psychic eleme.

Substitution and Income Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Substitution and Income Effects - Essay Example In this essay, the conception of income as well as substitution effect has been clearly portrayed and certain significant scenarios have been taken into concern on the basis of which the implication of the income or the substitution effect or both the effects will be depicted in the discussion. The researcher discusses six different scenarios, such as Drove Less and Purchased Less Gasoline, You Ate Out Less Often, You Took Public Transportation More Often, You Bought a Bicycle, You Did Not Take a Vacation Away From Home and You Bought Fewer Clothes and Made Due with More around the Home and provides a detailed analysis of each one. The researcher also demonstrates his analysis with graphical portrayals. The researcher then concluds that the valuable conceptions that include income as well as substitution effects are associated with the subject matter of macroeconomics and pose significant influence upon the demand of a particular buye. The consequences due to the effect of income alo ng with substitution effect also play an imperative part in determining the budget factor by a considerable extent. The role and the outcome of both the effects have been depicted on the basis of the provided situation that is based upon the theory of purchasing power of the consumers or buyers. The application of the individual as well as the combined effects i.e. income as well as substitution effects have also been performed in each of the scenario in order to justify the purchasing power of the buyers or consumers.